\relax \bibstyle{plain} \citation{pearson:grammar} \citation{kendall:vol1} \citation{Madden:methods} \citation{Kuhn:rev} \citation{Feyerabend:method} \citation{aamich:1880} \citation{edge:methods} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction.}{1}} \citation{metre:def} \citation{Stigler:robust} \citation{Aristotle:sense} \citation{Aristotle:soul} \citation{Lindberg:medieval} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Historical background.}{2}} \citation{Lindberg:medieval} \citation{Bacon:Novum} \citation{Gaukroger:Descartes} \citation{Descartes:speed} \citation{Beeckman:1629} \citation{Descartes:speed} \citation{Galileo:1638} \citation{Drake:sci-bio} \citation{Drake:sci-bio} \citation{cohen:1940} \citation{Drake:disc} \citation{Galileo:starry} \citation{Galileo:duchess} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Longitude.}{4}} \citation{Drake:disc} \citation{nauthist:1968} \citation{sobel:long} \citation{Romer:bio} \citation{cohen:1940} \citation{Cassini:bio} \citation{Newcomb:1882} \citation{Romer:bio} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}The first evidence.}{5}} \citation{Bradley:bio} \citation{Romer:bio} \citation{Newcomb:1882} \citation{Newcomb:1882} \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces Studies based on astronomical observation.}}{6}} \newlabel{table:astronomy}{{1}{6}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Terrestrial determinations.}{6}} \citation{aamich:1880} \citation{swenson:1972} \citation{aamich:1880} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Michelson's 1879 determinations of the speed of light}{7}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Optical theory.}{8}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces S and M are placed at the point-source focus of each other.}}{8}} \newlabel{fig:point-source}{{1}{8}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces Interposing a mirror, R, between the source S and the lens L.}}{8}} \newlabel{fig:focus}{{2}{8}} \citation{aamich:1880} \citation{Newcomb:1882} \citation{aamich:1880} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces Rotating the mirror R causes the returning beam to be deflected.}}{9}} \newlabel{fig:deflect}{{3}{9}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces The return image I is displaced from the source S by the rotating mirror R.}}{9}} \newlabel{fig:displacement}{{4}{9}} \citation{aamich:1880} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces R at the focal point of L.}}{10}} \newlabel{fig:parallel}{{5}{10}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Physical apparatus}{10}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6}{\ignorespaces Room showing experimental setup.}}{10}} \newlabel{fig:room}{{6}{10}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Measurement equipment}{12}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7}{\ignorespaces Micrometer measures the displacement $|$IS$|$.}}{12}} \newlabel{fig:micrometer}{{7}{12}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Producing one determination of the speed of light}{13}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Statistical Method and Michelson's 1879 Study}{14}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8}{\ignorespaces The statistical method.}}{14}} \newlabel{fig-ppdac}{{8}{14}} \citation{MooreMcCabe:text} \citation{Hand:decon} \citation{Chatfield:prob} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}The Problem}{15}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.1}Units and Target Population}{15}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.2}Variates}{15}} \citation{Hand:decon} \citation{MichMorl:1887} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.3}Population Attributes}{16}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.4}Problem Aspect}{16}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}The Plan}{16}} \citation{aamich:vacuum} \citation{aamich:1880} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Specifying the study units and study population}{17}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Selection of the response variates to be measured}{17}} \citation{aamich:1880} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Dealing with explanatory variates}{18}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9}{\ignorespaces Fishbone diagram.}}{18}} \newlabel{fig:fishbone}{{9}{18}} \citation{aamich:1880} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.4}The measuring processes}{19}} \citation{MooreMcCabe:text} \citation{Youden:meas} \citation{Wheeler:meas} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.5}The sampling protocol}{20}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.6}The data collection protocol}{21}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}The Data}{21}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}Execute the plan}{21}} \citation{aamich:1880} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}Data Monitoring}{22}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {10}{\ignorespaces Adjusted speed of light (jittered) versus day.}}{22}} \newlabel{fig:speed-day}{{10}{22}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.3.3}Data Examination}{23}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {11}{\ignorespaces Three clusters in three dimensional space.}}{23}} \newlabel{fig:clusters}{{11}{23}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.3.4}Data Storage for subsequent Analysis}{23}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}The Analysis}{23}} \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces Michelson's data: First 50 observations.}}{24}} \newlabel{table:michelson-data-1}{{2}{24}} \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces Michelson's data: Last 50 observations.}}{25}} \newlabel{table:michelson-data-2}{{3}{25}} \citation{stig:hist} \citation{aamich:1880} \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {table}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces Michelson's data: Key to variates.}}{26}} \newlabel{table:michelson-data-key}{{4}{26}} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {12}{\ignorespaces Adjusted speed of light (jittered) versus temperature.}}{27}} \newlabel{fig:speed-temp}{{12}{27}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5}The Conclusion}{28}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6}Discussion}{28}} \citation{Deming:1953} \citation{HahnandMeeker:1993} \citation{Tukey:both} \citation{Tukey:both} \citation{Losee:intro} \citation{Kuhn:rev} \citation{Aristotle:Nicomachean} \citation{Popper:logic} \citation{Good:science} \citation{Fisher:methods} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}On method in science.}{30}} \citation{Lakatos:meth} \citation{Aristotle:heaven} \citation{Aristotle:soul} \citation{Feyerabend:method} \citation{Hacking:phil} \citation{pearson:grammar} \citation{Barnett:comparative} \citation{Box:science} \citation{Durbin:pres-rss} \citation{Nelder:pres-rss} \citation{Box:science} \citation{Tukey:both} \citation{Hacking:phil} \citation{Hume:treatise} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}And what of statistics?}{32}} \citation{Tukey:both} \@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {13}{\ignorespaces Induction from the set of measured values to the target population.}}{33}} \newlabel{fig:induction}{{13}{33}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Conclusions}{33}} \citation{nauthist:1968} \bibdata{research} \bibcite{aamich:vacuum}{1} \bibcite{Bradley:bio}{2} \bibcite{Aristotle:Nicomachean}{3} \bibcite{Aristotle:heaven}{4} \bibcite{Aristotle:soul}{5} \bibcite{Aristotle:sense}{6} \bibcite{Bacon:Novum}{7} \bibcite{Barnett:comparative}{8} \bibcite{Beeckman:1629}{9} \bibcite{metre:def}{10} \bibcite{Box:science}{11} \bibcite{Chatfield:prob}{12} \bibcite{cohen:1940}{13} \bibcite{nauthist:1968}{14} \bibcite{Deming:1953}{15} \bibcite{Drake:sci-bio}{16} \bibcite{Durbin:pres-rss}{17} \bibcite{edge:methods}{18} \bibcite{Feyerabend:method}{19} \bibcite{Fisher:methods}{20} \bibcite{Galileo:starry}{21} \bibcite{Galileo:duchess}{22} \bibcite{Galileo:1638}{23} \bibcite{Drake:disc}{24} \bibcite{Gaukroger:Descartes}{25} \bibcite{Good:science}{26} \bibcite{Hacking:phil}{27} \bibcite{HahnandMeeker:1993}{28} \bibcite{Hand:decon}{29} \bibcite{Hume:treatise}{30} \bibcite{kendall:vol1}{31} \bibcite{Romer:bio}{32} \bibcite{Kuhn:rev}{33} \bibcite{Lakatos:meth}{34} \bibcite{Lindberg:medieval}{35} \bibcite{Losee:intro}{36} \bibcite{Madden:methods}{37} \bibcite{MichMorl:1887}{38} \bibcite{aamich:1880}{39} \bibcite{MooreMcCabe:text}{40} \bibcite{Nelder:pres-rss}{41} \bibcite{Newcomb:1882}{42} \bibcite{pearson:grammar}{43} \bibcite{Popper:logic}{44} \bibcite{Descartes:speed}{45} \bibcite{sobel:long}{46} \bibcite{Stigler:robust}{47} \bibcite{stig:hist}{48} \bibcite{swenson:1972}{49} \bibcite{Cassini:bio}{50} \bibcite{Tukey:both}{51} \bibcite{Wheeler:meas}{52} \bibcite{Youden:meas}{53}